I’ve worked out a method for doing immunohistochemistry (IHC) on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) sections of bone.

Bone is very autofluorescent, so most dyes that excite in the visible range also excite substances present in bone itself, making it hard to find the specific signal generated by the dye-conjugated antibody. However, I noticed when using DAPI, an intercalating DNA stain used to light up the nuclei, that the background is almost totally black, meaning that bone isn’t autofluorescent in the UV range, where DAPI excites. So, I figured that all I would have to do is find a secondary antibody conjugated to a dye that excites in the UV range, and I should be able to do IHC with little background.


I’ve been working on a method to identify osteoclasts in FFPE mouse bone sections. In order to do this, I had to solve two problems.

    Bone is very autofluorescent.
    Osteoclasts and macrophages are essentially identical in terms of surface epitopes and enzymatic activities.

The classical stain for osteoclasts is a stain for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, which I modified according to this paper, but it also stains macrophages, so there’s two ways to deal with that. You can consider only TRAP+ cells on the surface of bone to be osteoclasts, or you can stain for cathepsin K, which shouldn’t stain macrophages. So that I could tell where I was in the tissue, I needed a nuclear stain, but I couldn’t use DAPI, because I wanted to be able to separate the nuclear signal and the antibody signal so I could set their exposures and gains separately. The reason a nuclear stain works well to tell where you are on a bone section is because there are many fewer cells in bone than marrow, and marrow has a distinctive spongy appearance in these sections, which I believe is partly from the shrinkage caused by dehydration during processing, but also from extraction of the fatty deposits by the hydrocarbon solvents used to dehydrate the tissue. I decided to use propidium iodide to stain the nuclei, and I found an Alexa350-conjugated secondary antibody for cathepsin K. I have been told that CD68 might work to label only macrophages, and not osteoclasts, but I haven’t checked this.

So what I have is two dyes that both excite in UV, but emit about 100 nm apart, with little overlap, and a dye that excites in the visible range(using the alexa594 filter set), but is so bright that autofluorescence can be removed by setting a high threshold. Also, PI’s just a nuclear stain, so it doesn’t matter if the image is a little saturated in that channel.

because this protocol stains using three completely distinct mechanisms, DNA intercalation, enzymatic activity, and antibody binding, I had to work on the protocol to figure out which to do first.

Generally, IHC protocols call for an antigen retrieval step in order to expose the epitopes that the antibody binds to. However, antigen retrieval involves incubating the sections at 100°C for several minutes, or treating the sections with proteolytic enzyme, or oth. This isn’t great for preserving enzymatic activity. Additionally, because PI stains all nucleic acid, not just DNA, like DAPI does, I had to add an RNase step, which meant I needed to permeabilize the cells. Permeabilizing the cells usually involves extracting away the membrane with a detergent such as Triton X100. This isn’t great for preserving membrane-associated antigens like cathepsin K.

I finally worked out the order as follows:
Deparaffinize and rehydrate the sections, stain for TRAP replacing the chromogens in the classical stain with ELF97 at 200 µM. Block the sections with a block solution containing a couple percent serum from the animal in which your secondary was raised, and add some Triton X100 at low concentration(~.1%) so that the membranes get opened, but not completely extracted. Stain with your antibodies, then wash, incubate the samples in ~50 µg/mL RNase A for 20 minutes, then in 0.5 µM PI for a couple minutes. I did 5 and it was a little brighter than necessary.
Before doing this, you should make sure your microscope has the appropriate filter setup to accomodate this. I used a Alexa594 filter set for the PI, and an Alexa 350 filter set for the antibody, and a 350em/488ex set for the ELF97.

I’ll put up some pics soon.

8 thoughts on “I’ve worked out a method for doing immunohistochemistry (IHC) on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) sections of bone.

  1. Dear Mr. Gunn,

    I found your Post very interesting and would like to know if you have already uploaded any pictures of your staining. Did you ever tried to use your method on frozen calcified bone sections?

    Best, Orit

  2. Hi, I’m currently trying to do the same type of staining on decalicified mouse bone embedded in paraffin (Fixed in Formalin).

    I was wondering if you could communicate here your optimal Antigen retrieval/deparaffin protocol (or at least the major steps) for immunofluorescence staining (NON ENZYMATIC)

    Many thanks in advance.

    Best

    John

  3. I’m delighted to have the question, John! My procedure was really simple. I did a xylene dip, followed by 100%, 95%, 70% EtOH and then DH2O. I didn’t do antigen retrieval, as that destroyed the morphology of my thin sections and tended to kill the TRAP activity I was staining for as well.

    My goal was to get a osteoblast/osteoclast ratio, and I ended up consulting with a pathologist for that as the method above clearly demonstrated osteoclast activity, but didn’t lend itself to quantitative analysis. I detailed the work in my dissertation here. If you’d tell me a little about what you’re trying to achieve, perhaps I could make some further suggestions.

  4. Dear Mr. Gunn,

    I’m trying to do some immunohistochemistry on vertebral bone slides. However I’m having a problem with tissue detachment off my slides.

    This is what I have tried so far:
    1. Proper bone decalcification
    2. Using PBS as a buffer instead of TRIS with tween
    3. Baking my slides over night 12+ hours
    4. Avoid agitating the my slides when washing between steps

    Unfortunately, non of this really made a substantial difference, I still get detached samples. I would highly appreciate any advice in overcoming this challenge.

    Best regards,
    Marwan

  5. Hi Marwan,

    Your samples are detaching in the rehydration step? There could be a number of reasons for this, but I would first look at the type of slide you’re using. You can get slides with a little surface charge that helps hold the sections on, like static cling. It’s been a while, but I believe we used positively charged slides from Fisher. IIRC I had some issues with detachment when I used heat-based antigen retrieval, which I don’t recommend anyways for the reasons above.

    The slides themselves were prepared by our histologist. They were extensively decalcified with EDTA after formalin fixation, using transparency via X-ray as the endpoint. The slides were also gently baked overnight.

    You can find more details in the Histology section of my dissertation: http://williamgunn.org/Dissertation%20William%20Gunn.pdf

  6. Thanks for sharing this Mr. Gunn,

    My lab is looking to do immunohistochemistry on our protein of interest in mouse long bones. Is decalcification important when doing these experiments? Most protocols I’ve reviewed have a decalcification step but don’t state the major reason for it. My guess is that it makes tissues easier to section. What are your suggestions?

    Cheers,

    Neilab

  7. Hi Neilab, yes, the decal is so that you can get sections with paraffin embedding. If that isn’t an option for you, there are some epoxies you can embed bones into for non-decalcified sections. We tried those briefly but couldn’t get them working.

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